BAPTISM - 3
BAPTISMAL REGENERATION
Baptismal Regeneration is the idea that water baptism is essential for salvation. It is one of the earliest heresies to enter the church as early as the 2nd century (i.e. during the period of the “Wheat and the Tares”).
Unlike most heresies from this period, even church fathers like Justin Martyr, Irenaeus and Tertullian – who are all generally sound in doctrine – taught some form of baptismal regeneration.
And so Justin Martyr writes in his First Apology (~154-155 AD) in a chapter devoted to baptism:
Then [converts] are brought by us where there is water, and are regenerated in the same manner in which we were ourselves regenerated.
BAPTISMAL REGENERATION
The highly respected Irenaeus makes the common mistake of misunderstanding Jesus’ words in John 3:5 to be a reference to water baptism. He does however specify that the Lord must be called on as well for salvation (“invocation of the Lord”):
It was not for nothing that Naaman of old, when suffering from leprosy, was purified upon his being baptized, but [it served] as an indication to us. For as we are lepers in sin, we are made clean, by means of the sacred water and the invocation of the Lord, from our old transgressions; being spiritually regenerated as new-born babes, even as the Lord has declared: “Except a man be born again through water and the Spirit, he shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven.” 1
1 Irenaeus, Fragments From the Lost Writings of Irenaeus: XXXIV)
BAPTISMAL REGENERATION
And even Tertullian writes, “This discussion of the sacred significance of that water of ours in which the sins of our original blindness are washed away and we are set at liberty unto life
eternal...” 1
Augustine writes in AD 412,
“… neither salvation nor eternal
life can be hoped for by any
man without baptism and the
Lord’s Supper.” 2
1 On Baptism
2 Forgiveness and the Just Deserts of Sin
and the Baptism of Infants.
BAPTISMAL REGENERATION
Augustine
VIEWS OF DIFFERENT
CHURCHES ON BAPTISMAL
REGENERATION
The Roman Catholic Council
of Trent (1545-63) 1 stated
that “If anyone says that
baptism is... not necessary
for salvation, let him be
anathema.” 2
The universal Catechism
of the Catholic Church
released by the Vatican
in 1993 still states,
“Baptism is necessary for
salvation... the Church does not know of any [other] means... that assures entry into eternal beatitude....”
1 H.J. Schroeder, trans., The Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent
2 Anathema means accursed or consigned to damnation or destruction.
CATHOLIC CHURCH
The Council of Trent
BAPTISMAL REGENERATION
Denomination
|
Baptismal Regeneration
|
Roman Catholic Church
|
Yes
|
Eastern Orthodox Church
|
Yes
|
Lutherans
|
Yes
|
Anglican (Church of England)
|
Varies
|
Although Baptismal Regeneration is found in the Church of England Prayer Book, there are evangelicals in that church who present the gospel and who preach regeneration by faith alone. They have a practice of inviting those in their congregations who have been sprinkled in infancy to accept Jesus.
Strangely enough, some churches which reject Baptismal Regeneration still ‘baptize’ (sprinkle) babies. Baptismal Regeneration really goes hand in hand with Infant Baptism. If you don’t believe that water baptism saves – then what is the point of baptizing a baby?
INFANT BAPTISM
Denomination
|
Baptismal Regeneration
|
Sprinkle infants
|
Methodists (Wesleyans)
|
No
|
Yes
|
Reformed churches
|
No
|
Yes
|
Presbyterians
|
No
|
Yes
|
Congregational churches
|
No
|
Yes
|
The way this seemingly self-contradictory viewpoint is justified is as follows – although the link of the practice (of christening) to Biblical baptism still remains unclear:
Presbyterian and Reformed Christians believe that baptism is a symbol, as a wedding ring is a symbol of marriage. The grace it conveys, however, is not justifying grace. Baptism, according to this tradition, does not produce Christians, but identifies the child as a member of the covenant community. Being a member of the covenant community does not guarantee salvation; though it does provide the child with many benefits, including that of one’s particular congregation consenting to assist in the raising of that child... 1
1 http:// en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ Infant_baptism#Presbyterian_and
_Continental_Reformed_churches
REFORMED CHURCHES
BELIEVERS BAPTISM
Denomination
|
Baptismal Regeneration
|
Sprinkle infants
|
Assemblies of God
|
No
|
No
|
Pentecostals
|
No
|
No
|
Baptists
|
No
|
No
|
Anabaptists
|
No
|
No
|
Seventh-day Adventists
|
No
|
No
|
Rejecting both Baptismal Regeneration and Infant Baptism is not only Scriptural – but also logical. Since baptism doesn’t regenerate, there is obviously no purpose in baptizing infants.
BELIEVERS BAPTISM
Denomination
|
Baptismal Regeneration
|
Sprinkle infants
|
Churches of Christ
|
No
|
No
|
Because of the belief that baptism is a necessary part of salvation, some Baptists hold that the Churches of Christ endorse the doctrine of baptismal regeneration. Members of the Churches of Christ reject this, arguing that since faith and repentance are necessary, and that the cleansing of sins is by the blood of Christ through the grace of God, baptism is not an inherently redeeming ritual... Baptism is understood as a confessional expression of faith and repentance, rather than a ‘work’ that earns salvation. 1
1 http:// en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ Churches_of_Christ
The common view before the Reformation was that people acquired grace by participating in the church’s sacraments. The definition of a sacrament is that it is an outward sign, that imparts spiritual grace through Christ. The Western Church at this stage recognized seven sacraments:
Baptism
The Eucharist (Communion)
Confirmation
Confession
Anointing of the sick
Marriage
Holy orders
SACRAMENTS
Hand in hand with the sacramental view of theology, the idea of baptismal regeneration prevailed through the Middle Ages. But John Wycliffe (c. 1328–1384 ), known as the “morning star of the Reformation”
was accused by his foe Thomas
Walden of denying that all sins
are abolished in baptism.
Most Protestant reformers only
accepted two of the sacraments;
baptism and communion.
Ulrich Zwingli, the Swiss
Reformer from Zurich,
adopted the view that the
sacrament is the visible
sign of an invisible grace.
SACRAMENTS OR SIGNS?
Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
The A/ G, Anabaptists and Baptists believe that the sacramental approach to Christianity is both flawed and bordering on religious superstition. Baptism and communion are not ‘sacraments’ in the sense that they impart grace. We agree with Zwingli that they do not “impart grace”, but are more correctly viewed as being external visible signs of an internal invisible grace.
Neither water baptism nor communion are prerequisites for salvation.
Water baptism is an outward sign of the regenerative work of salvation that has already happened inside.
Communion is a memorial of Jesus’ death and not an additional prop for salvation.
SACRAMENTS OR SIGNS?
If baptism were necessary for salvation, that would negate numerous other Bible passages which teach that we are saved by grace through faith and “not by works”.
(Eph 2:8-9)
The error of baptismal regeneration is that it requires man to do something (in this case, be water baptized) in order to be saved. Water baptism is certainly an important result of salvation, but not a means to salvation. The theology of baptismal regeneration is the result of not truly understanding the gospel of grace. The perverted ‘gospel’ condemned in Galatia was that of faith in Christ plus circumcision. The lesson derived from this is that a ‘gospel’ of faith in Christ plus anything is really “no gospel at all” (Gal 1:7). 1
1 Steve Atkerson ntrf.org/ articles/ article_detail.php?PRKey=39
SAVED BY GRACE
ORIGINS OF
THE BELIEF IN
BAPTISMAL
REGENERATION
Q: So where did the idea come from?
A: The belief in baptismal regeneration was partly due to a misunderstanding of Jesus’ words in John 3:5. “Born of water” was seen by some as a reference to baptism.
John 3:5-6 … no one can enter the kingdom of God unless he is born of water and the Spirit. Flesh gives birth to flesh, but the Spirit gives birth to spirit.
But Jesus is making a reference to the water of the womb 1 or natural birth. He was answering Nicodemus’ question “can he enter the second time into his mother’s womb, and be born?” Looking in context, Jesus is simply contrasting natural birth with spiritual birth.
1 The amniotic fluid (which is mainly water) cushions and protects the baby in the womb.
BORN OF WATER
John 3:3-6 In reply Jesus declared, “I tell you the truth, no one can see the kingdom of God unless he is born again.”
“How can a man be
born when he is old?”
Nicodemus asked.
“Surely he cannot enter
a second time into his
mother’s womb to be
born!”
Jesus answered, “I tell
you the truth, no one
can enter the kingdom
of God unless he is
born of water and the
Spirit. Flesh gives birth
to flesh, but the Spirit
gives birth to spirit.
The context and specifically a comparison between verse 5 and 6 show that natural birth and spiritual birth are being contrasted. Spiritual birth is being “born again”.
|
VERSE 5
|
VERSE 6
|
|
… no one can enter the kingdom of God unless he is born of water (1) and the Spirit. (2)
|
Flesh (1) gives birth to flesh, but the Spirit (2) gives birth to spirit.
|
NATURAL BIRTH
|
Born of water
|
Flesh gives birth to flesh
|
SPIRITUAL BIRTH
|
Born of the Spirit
|
The Spirit gives birth to spirit
|
The idea of baptismal regeneration also arose due to people confusing water baptism with baptism into the body of Christ (which is necessary for salvation).
SAVING BAPTISM
|
1) Baptism into the body of Christ
|
2) Baptism in water
|
Baptizer
|
Holy Spirit
|
A believer
|
Candidate
|
A repentant sinner
|
A believer
|
Element
|
Body of Christ
|
Water
|
Necessary for salvation?
|
YES
|
NO – but should be done in obedience
|
Baptism in water may take place without regeneration (as in the case of Simon the Sorcerer).
Regeneration make take place without the baptism in water (for the thief on the cross was not baptized at
all, and Cornelius was baptized after both regeneration and the baptism in the Holy Spirit).
ONE SAVING BAPTISM
Augustine wrote, “Baptism washes away all, absolutely all, our sins, whether of deed, word, or thought, whether sins original or added, whether knowingly or unknowingly contracted.” 1
This comes from a
misunderstanding of the
passage in Acts 22:16
regarding Saul where
Ananias says, “Get up, be
baptized and wash your
sins away, calling on his
name.” Taken in isolation
this seems to teach
baptismal regeneration.
1 Against Two Letters of the Pelagians (AD 420)
ONE SAVING BAPTISM
But considering it in the context of the entire Scripture, washing away of sins is by “calling on his name” – and baptism in water symbolizes this washing away of sins. Paul had confessed Jesus as Lord (Acts 22:8,10) on the road to Damascus – before Ananias came to him – and thus had already called on the Lord’s name.
The Greek aorist participle, epikalesamenos (ἐπικαλεσάμενος), translated “calling on His name” refers either to action that is simultaneous with or before that of the main verb, “be baptized.” Here Paul’s calling on Christ’s name for salvation preceded his water baptism. The participle may be translated “having called on His name”. 1
i.e. “... wash your sins away, having called on his name.”
1 SOURCE: The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament
ed by John F. Walvoord, Roy B. Zuck, Dallas Theological Seminary
ONE SAVING BAPTISM
When Paul speaks of “one baptism” it is a reference to the one saving baptism. The context of Eph 4:4-6 is about the body of Christ (the church) and hence the passage refers to the one saving baptism (i.e. one baptism by the one Spirit into the one body).
Eph 4:4-6 There is one body and one Spirit - just as you were called to one hope when you were called - one Lord, one faith, one baptism; one God and Father of all, who is over all and through all and in all.
So the sequence is to believe first (baptism into the body of Christ) and then to be baptized in water as an outward sign (not as a sacrament administering grace). We see this with the account of the Philippian jailer:
ONE SAVING BAPTISM
Acts 16:30-34 He then brought them out and asked, “Sirs, what must I do to be saved?”
They replied, “Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved - you and your household.”
Then they spoke the word of
the Lord to him and to all the
others in his house. At that
hour of the night the jailer took
them and washed their wounds;
then immediately he and all his
family were baptized. The jailer
brought them into his house and
set a meal before them; he was
filled with joy because he had
come to believe in God - he and
his whole family.
ONE SAVING BAPTISM
In Acts 10-11 Cornelius and his household heard the gospel (Acts 10:34-43, 11:14), believed (11:17), repented (11:18) and had the evidence of being baptized in the Holy Spirit (10:44-46).
Acts 10:46-48 For they heard them speaking in tongues and praising God. Then Peter said, “Can anyone keep these people from being baptized with water? They have received the Holy Spirit just as we have.” So he ordered that they be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ.
Cornelius and his household were saved and received the Holy Spirit prior to being baptized in water, indicating that water baptism is not required for salvation, but nevertheless should follow it - “he ordered that they be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ”.
ONE SAVING BAPTISM
The examples in the Book of Acts show how baptism in water is preceded by belief and repentance.
|
Repentance
|
Believed
|
Baptism in water
|
Pentecost
|
2:38
|
2:41
|
2:38
|
Samaria
|
|
8:12
|
8:12
|
Ethiopian Eunuch
|
|
8:37
|
8:38
|
Saul
|
|
9:5
|
9:18
|
Cornelius
|
11:18
|
10:43
|
10:48
|
Lydia
|
16:15
|
16:14
|
16:15
|
Philippian jailer
|
|
16:31,34
|
16:33
|
Corinthians
|
|
18:8
|
18:8
|
Ephesians
|
19:4
|
19:4
|
19:5
|
ONE SAVING BAPTISM
John the Baptist stated the purpose of his baptism:
“I baptize you with water for repentance” (Matt 3:11).
In Mark 1:5 we read that, “Confessing their sins, they were baptized by him in
the Jordan River.”
And Luke writes
that John “went
into all the country
around the Jordan,
preaching a
baptism of
repentance for
the forgiveness of
sins.” (Luke 3:3)
JOHN’S BAPTISM
Q: Now was John’s baptism a means to repentance or the result of having already repented? In other words, did John baptize people so that they could repent or because they already had repented?
A: He baptized because they had already repented.
Matt 3:7-8 But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees coming to where he was baptizing, he said to them: “You brood of vipers! Who warned you to flee from the coming wrath? Produce fruit in keeping with repentance.”
Thus John wanted to see the fruit of repentance in their lives, before he baptized them. So “repentance for the forgiveness of sins” precedes baptism; it is not the result of baptism.
JOHN’S BAPTISM
Paul wrote to the Corinthians:
I am thankful that I did not baptize any of you except Crispus and Gaius, so no one can say that you were baptized into my name. (Yes, I also baptized the household of Stephanas; beyond that, I don’t remember if I baptized anyone else.) For Christ did not send me to baptize, but to preach the gospel... (1 Cor 1:14-17)
Paul makes it clear that he’s been called by Christ to preach but not to baptize. If water baptism were really necessary for salvation, then surely baptism should have been included as a part of his directive to “preach the gospel”. This clearly doesn’t sound like a statement from someone who believed in baptismal regeneration? If baptism was not a critical part of Paul’s gospel, it’s not a requirement for salvation.
PAUL SELDOM BAPTIZED
Significantly, while Paul baptized only a few people, Jesus never baptized anyone in water.
John 4:1-2 The Pharisees heard that Jesus was gaining and baptizing more disciples than John, although in fact it was not Jesus who baptized, but his disciples.
Now this would be strange behaviour for the Saviour of the world - if indeed water baptism is required for salvation.
JESUS NEVER BAPTIZED
But what of those verses that seem to teach faith plus baptism as a means of salvation? Mk 16:16 states, “whoever believes and is baptized will be saved, but whoever does not believe will be condemned.” Certainly, water baptism is an important act of obedience. Any one professing to believe in Jesus and yet refusing to be baptized is of questionable sincerity. Faith and the act of water baptism are closely linked in the NT. Indeed, it is unthinkable that anyone would believe in Jesus and refuse to be baptized. Like love and marriage and a horse and carriage, belief and baptism just go together! Notice, however, those who Jesus said would be condemned: “whoever does not believe.” No mention was made of not being baptized. The emphasis is on unbelief, not baptism. Condemnation comes as a result of unbelief, not the lack of any ritual activity. 1
1 Steve Atkerson ntrf.org/ articles/ article_detail.php?PRKey=39
BAPTISMAL REGENERATION
Titus 3:5b (“He saved us through the washing of rebirth and renewal by the Holy Spirit”) has been used to justify the necessity of water baptism in order to be saved. Does the word ‘water’ appear anywhere in the chapter? Indeed, where is the word ‘baptism’? ‘Rebirth’ actually does have a ‘washing’ effect (it washes away our sins), but to read water baptism into this passage is truly to force into it something that is not there. In fact, 3:5a states, “he saved us, not because of righteous things we have done.” What is water baptism but one of the “righteous things” which we might do? Verse 7 goes on to reveal clearly that we have been “justified by his grace” (not by water baptism). 1
1 Ibid
BAPTISMAL REGENERATION
SO WHY BE
BAPTIZED?
Q: So if baptism is not critical for salvation, why then should we be baptized?
A: Firstly, it is a command from the Lord:
Matt 28:19-20 “Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you...”
Anyone who has experienced God’s grace in salvation, should automatically respond with a desire to obey his commands. Thus, every true believer should naturally want to be baptized. So while baptism is not necessary for salvation, their experience would be questionable if a person claiming to believe refused to be baptized.
WHY BE BAPTISED?
We are baptized to follow the precedent set by Jesus. Not being sinful, Jesus didn’t need to be baptized, but nevertheless he chose to both identify with sinful
men and to set us an example.
Matt 3:13-15 Then Jesus
came from Galilee to the
Jordan to be baptized by
John. But John tried to deter
him, saying, “I need to be
baptized by you, and do you
come to me?”
Jesus replied, “Let it be so
now; it is proper for us to do
this to fulfill all righteousness.”
Then John consented.
WHY BE BAPTISED?
It was the practice of Jesus in his ministry:
John 3:22 After this, Jesus and his disciples went out into the Judean countryside, where he spent some time with them, and baptized.
John 3:26 They came to John and said to him, “Rabbi, that man who was with you on the other side of the Jordan - the one you testified about - well, he is baptizing, and everyone is going to him.”
John 4:1-2 The Pharisees heard that Jesus was gaining and baptizing more disciples than John, although in fact it was not Jesus who baptized, but his disciples.
WHY BE BAPTISED?
It was the practice of the early (i.e. apostolic) church. The accounts of repentance and salvation in the book of Acts are always followed by baptism in water. On the day of Pentecost we read:
... they were cut to the heart and said to Peter and the other apostles, “Brothers, what shall we do?”
Peter replied, “Repent and be baptized, every one of you, in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins. And you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. The promise is for you and your children and for all who are far off - for all whom the Lord our God will call.” (Acts 2:37-39)
Peter makes it clear that the promise is still for us today (“for all whom the Lord our God will call”.)
WHY BE BAPTISED?
Baptism is a powerful external symbol of at least 7 spiritual things:
It is a symbol of CLEANSING FROM SIN. Subsequent to his Damascus Road conversion Paul was told by Ananias, “Get up, be baptized and wash your sins away, calling on his name. ” (Acts 22:16).
Baptism also symbolizes our DEATH TO SIN and the BURIAL OF THE OLD LIFE OF SIN.
Rom 6:3-4 Or don’t you know that all of us who were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death? We were therefore buried with him through baptism into death in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the Father, we too may live a new life.
WHY BE BAPTISED?
Baptism not only symbolizes our death and the burial to the old life of sin; coming out of the water symbolizes the RESURRECTION TO A NEW LIFE:
Rom 6:4 We were therefore buried with him through baptism into death in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the
Father, we too may
live a new life.
Col 2:12 having been
buried with him in
baptism and raised
with him through your
faith in the power of
God, who raised him
from the dead.
WHY BE BAPTISED?
The immersion in water also symbolizes a “CLOTHING OURSELVES WITH CHRIST”:
Gal 3:26-28 You are all sons of God through faith in Christ Jesus, for all of you who were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ. There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.
WHY BE BAPTISED?
Then it is “THE PLEDGE OF A GOOD CONSCIENCE TOWARD GOD”. By our baptism we publicly declare our faith that Jesus has made us spiritually clean and that our conscience is now clear before God.
1 Peter 3:20-21 who disobeyed long ago when God waited patiently in the days of Noah while the ark was being built. In it only a few people, eight in all, were saved through water, and this water symbolizes baptism that now saves you also - not the removal of dirt from the body but the pledge of a good conscience toward God.
WHY BE BAPTISED?
Any covenant must be signed and baptism is the SIGN OF THE NEW COVENANT. In the Old Covenant, circumcision was an outward sign of an inward reality. In the New Covenant baptism is an outward sign of an inward reality.
Col 2:11-13 In him you were also circumcised, in the putting off of the sinful nature, not with a circumcision done by the hands of men but with the circumcision done by Christ, having been buried with him in baptism and raised with him through your faith in the power of God, who raised him from the dead. When you were dead in your sins and in the uncircumcision of your sinful nature, God made you alive with Christ. He forgave us all our sins...
WHY BE BAPTISED?
Finally it is a PUBLIC DECLARATION AND CONFESSION OF OUR FAITH to all in attendance:
Rom 10:9-11 That if you confess with your mouth, “Jesus is Lord,” and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved. For it is with your heart that you believe and are justified, and it is with your mouth that you confess and are saved. As the Scripture says, “Anyone who trusts in him will never be put to shame.”
Matt 10:32-33 “Whoever acknowledges me before men, I will also acknowledge him before my Father in heaven. But whoever disowns me before men, I will disown him before my Father in heaven.”
WHY BE BAPTISED?
John’s baptism was not the same as Christian baptism. This is evident from the case of the Ephesians in Acts 19 who Paul instructed to be re-baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus because they had only received John’s baptism.
Acts 19:3-5 So Paul asked, “Then what baptism did you receive?”
“John’s baptism,” they replied.
Paul said, “John’s baptism was a baptism of repentance. He told the people to believe in the one coming after him, that is, in Jesus.” On hearing this, they were baptized into the name of the Lord Jesus.
DO I HAVE TO GET RE-BAPTISED?
Thus there is a Scriptural precedent for re-baptism, if the previous baptism was not fully in line with the Scriptural requirements (which is believer’s baptism - into the name of Jesus - by full immersion)
If you were baptized as an infant, that doesn’t constitute Biblical believer’s baptism, which should be your own decision based on repentance – not a parent’s decision on your behalf, or a religious ritual to protect a baby from hell. In such a case, if you are a believer – you should get baptized by your own choice and understanding that it is a public declaration of your faith in Jesus.
DO I HAVE TO GET RE-BAPTISED?
If you were baptized by sprinkling, the type is meaningless with regards to being buried and raised with Christ, or being “clothed with Christ” – you should get baptized by full immersion.
If however, you were baptized (by full immersion and at the age of understanding) in another Bible-believing church and you subsequently join our church – there is no Scriptural reason why you should get re-baptized, unless you were not saved when you were baptized.
DO I HAVE TO GET RE-BAPTISED?
Scripture quotations taken from the NIV:
THE HOLY BIBLE, NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®, NIV®
Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc.™
Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide.
Scripture quotations taken from the NASB:
New American Standard Bible®,
Copyright © 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995 by The Lockman Foundation
Used by permission." (www.Lockman.org)